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France has historically been one of the world’s major agricultural centres and remains a «global agricultural powerhouse»; France is the world’s sixth-biggest exporter of agricultural products, generating a trade surplus 1xbet malaysia of over €7.4 billion. The Paris Region has the highest concentration of multinational firms in mainland Europe. In 2018 France was the fifth-largest trading nation and second-largest in Europe, with the value of exports representing over a fifth of GDP. Less than 2 per cent of GDP is generated by the primary sector, namely agriculture; the agricultural sector is among the largest in value and leads the EU in overall production.

Chaumont-sur-Loire International Garden Festival

  • Located in the north-central part of the country is Paris – the capital, the largest and the most populous France.
  • Intra-urban connections are also well developed, with most major cities having underground or tramway services complementing bus services.
  • This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to wage war against Germany and to purge collaborators from office.
  • Although regional languages do not have the status of official languages, they are recognised by Article 75-1 of the constitution as part of France’s heritage.

In the 16th century, French culture flourished during the French Renaissance, and a French colonial empire emerged. The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned the empire, with West Francia evolving into the Kingdom of France. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea. Metropolitan France shares borders with Belgium and Luxembourg to the north; Germany to the northeast; Switzerland to the east; Italy and Monaco to the southeast; Andorra and Spain to the south; and a maritime border with the United Kingdom to the northwest.

Between 2006 and 2016, France saw the second-highest overall increase in population in the EU and was one of four EU countries where natural births accounted for the most population growth. For much of the 21st century, France has been an outlier among developed countries, particularly in Europe, for its relatively high rate of natural population growth; by birth rates alone, it was responsible for almost all natural population growth in the EU in 2006. Air France is the national carrier airline, although numerous private airline companies provide domestic and international travel services. Diesel and petrol-driven cars and lorries cause a large part of the country’s air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Roads also handle substantial international traffic, connecting with cities in neighbouring countries. The Paris Region is enveloped with a dense network of roads and highways, which connect it with virtually all parts of the country.

State and regional organization

Intra-urban connections are also well developed, with most major cities having underground or tramway services complementing bus services. France is considered a world leader in nuclear technology, with reactors and fuel products being major exports. Consequently, 70% of its electricity is generated by nuclear power, the highest proportion in the world by a wide margin; only Slovakia and Ukraine also derive a majority of electricity from nuclear power, at roughly 53% and 51%, respectively.

Its land borders consist of Belgium and Luxembourg in the northeast, Germany and Switzerland in the east, Italy and Monaco in the southeast, and Andorra and Spain in the south and southwest. It is bordered by the North Sea in the north, the English Channel in the northwest, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Mediterranean Sea in the southeast. The government had a policy of assimilation of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.

France had colonial possessions since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became the second-largest behind the British Empire. This forced Huguenots to flee to Protestant regions such as the British Isles and Switzerland. Teutonic tribes invaded the region, the Visigoths settling in the southwest, the Burgundians along the Rhine Valley, and the Franks in the north.